Old age is a natural stage of the human life cycle that is influenced by a complex set of physiological factors. Among the various biomarkers related to cognitive health, Klotho has attracted special attention due to its role in neuroprotection and cognitive function. On the other hand, BDNF is a vital neurotrophin that plays a role in the survival, growth, and plasticity of neurons. "Exercise and physical activity" are recognized as one of the most critical and effective strategies to overcome the challenges of old age. One type of exercise is combined cognitive-functional training, which engages both mental and physical functions and has a greater advantage over physical or cognitive training alone. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of functional-cognitive training on serum Klotho levels and to evaluate its impact on cognitive and physical function in elderly men.

The training protocol will be implemented for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, with each session (comprising both functional and cognitive exercises) lasting 60-75 minutes. The training sessions will be conducted in groups of 15 participants under the supervision of an experienced trainer and sports physiologist. Participants will begin with a 7-10 minute warm-up. Subsequently, they will engage in 20 minutes of functional exercises, followed by 20 minutes of cognitive exercises. Finally, they will conclude with a 5-minute cool-down. The functional exercise program will include resistance and balance training.